Procambarus clarkii
NOMES VULGARES (POPULARES)
Lagostim-vermelho, Lagostim-americano, Lagostim-do-Louisiana
MORFOLOGIA
O lagostim-vermelho é um crustáceo no qual se distingue duas partes do corpo: (1) o cefalotórax (anterior) com pares de diversos apêndices como as antenas, partes bocais e patas, e a maioria dos órgãos do corpo; (2) o abdómen (posterior) constituído pela maioria dos músculos abdutores para uma rápida fuga de uma potencial ameaça, por apêndices relacionados com a transferência de esperma ou incubação de ovos, e pela ‘cauda’ característica nestes animais
Podem ter uma coloração vermelha escura, laranja ou avermelhada, dependendo do habitat, sendo mais escura em águas claras e mais clara em águas opacas e lamacentas. A coloração vermelha está, no entanto, sempre presente nos apêndices, através das pintas vermelhas espalhadas pelo corpo.
O tamanho em adulto é variável podendo ir dos 5.5-6.5 cm até aos 10.5-11.5 cm, e por isso não pode ser usado para determinar a sua idade ou alcance da maturação. Têm uma esperança média de vida de dois anos.
Um aspeto bastante peculiar do ciclo biológico deste lagostim, e dos demais membros da família Cambaridae, é a alternância de dois morfotipos nos machos, reprodutora e não-reprodutora, alternando períodos de atividade reprodutiva e períodos de crescimento somático. Após um período reprodutivo que dura 8 a 9 meses ao ano, passam por uma muda, revertendo para uma forma sexualmente imatura. Nesta fase, os machos não têm ganchos copuladores e os órgãos copuladores são amolecidos e de cor clara. As fêmeas também apresentam esta alternância nas formas, mas este só é evidente no seu comportamento, nomeadamente na recetividade aos machos.
COMPORTAMENTO
Após o período de reprodução, os machos do lagostim vermelho passam por uma fase errante onde pode haver migração em massa, caminhando por vários quilómetros em áreas secas, especialmente durante a estação chuvosa
ALIMENTAÇÃO
É um predador voraz de anfíbios, insetos e plantas e é temido pelos orizicultores, já que os lagostins escavam galerias nos campos de arroz, secando-os. Um estudo recente aponta que, com o aumento da temperatura, a dieta vai tender para um maior consumo de plantas, ameaçando assim as culturas, nomeadamente de arroz.
HABITAT
O lagostim-vermelho ocorre normalmente em águas doces lênticas não demasiado frias, como rios de curso lento, marismas, albufeiras, sistemas de rega e campos de arroz. Em geral são calmos, vivendo quase sempre escondidos, sendo mais ativos quando a luminosidade é baixa.
DISTRIBUIÇÃO
O lagostim-vermelhos é originário do sul do Estados Unidos e do norte do México. Foi introduzido em quintas de aquacultura por volta de 1973, das quais escapou. Em Portugal foi introduzido em 1979 a partir de Espanha e desde então espalhou-se por todo o país, afetando o funcionamento dos ecossistemas dulçaquícolas, devido à sua plasticidade biológica e capacidade de adaptação a condições ambientais extremas.
CONSERVAÇÃO
O lagostim-vermelho foi introduzido por razões económicas e alimentares. No entanto, uma fuga dos sistemas de criação, levaram uma rápida expansão deste animal até aos dias de hoje.
É uma espécie invasora que tem causado a disrupção de ecossistemas, potenciado a extinção de espécies nativas, seja por predação direta ou transmissão de doenças. No campo, durante o período noturno, é comum vê-los a predar anfíbios. Como se reproduzem muito rapidamente, essa predação leva ao declínio rápido das espécies nativas presentes nos habitats aquáticos.
Por outo lado, tornou-se na fonte de alimento para vários predadores nativos de mamíferos e aves, nomeadamente as lontras e as cegonhas-brancas. E, portanto, em termos de conservação, torna-se um dilema, já que as presas nativas destes predadores já se extinguiram, e a remoção do lagostim poderia levar ao declínio dos predadores nativos.
FONTE
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/67878#E3FB4D39-40EC-4A50-9A2C-84510C4BB97B
Calor está a transformar o invasor exótico lagostim-vermelho
Texto: Iolanda Rocha
Foto: Iolanda Rocha
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